Research
Research into music and listening continues to evolve. PureTone uses published research as context for its listening design, while keeping the evidence around 432 Hz in proportion.
A · Music & Emotion
A 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis in Psychology of Music pooled 8 studies (441 participants) on listening, playing, and creating music, finding a moderate overall effect on emotion-regulation outcomes (d = 0.45) — general research on music-making and listening broadly, not a test of 432 Hz tuning or curated classical sessions specifically.
1 Peters et al., Psychology of Music, 2024 View study
B · Music & Attention
A 2025 review in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences finds that structured, rhythmic music can measurably affect attentional performance and well-being, with the direction and size of the effect depending on the type of music, listener preference, and the task at hand.
2 De Francesco et al., Annals of the NYAS, 2025 View study
C · 432 Hz Tuning
The most-cited 432 Hz-vs-440 Hz comparison is a 2019 double-blind cross-over pilot study published in Explore, alongside a small number of later pilot studies in specific clinical contexts (sleep in spinal-cord-injury patients, anxiety in emergency nurses) — early-stage, small-sample work that the researchers themselves call larger, more rigorous trials to confirm.
3 Calamassi & Pomponi, Explore, 2019 View study
In Context
These studies provide context for PureTone’s listening design. They are not clinical validation of PureTone itself.